Android Project Release causes "Conversion from assembly to native code failed. Exit code 1" error

If I select "Bundle Assemblies into native code" I get the error. I am compiling the project on a Windows 10 machine running Visual Studio 2013 Premium Update 5.

Here are my Xamarin settings.

Xamarin 4.1.1.1 (ee3cfcd)
Visual Studio extension to enable development for Xamarin.iOS and Xamarin.Android.

Xamarin.Android 6.1.1.0 (ffca580)
Visual Studio extension to enable development for Xamarin.Android.

Xamarin.iOS 9.8.1.3 (422d7d4)
Visual Studio extension to enable development for Xamarin.iOS.

The Project builds, but the error pops up when I try to deploy to my Samsung Galaxy 3, running API 19.

Any help is much appreciated. Thanks!